This tutorial is for WordPress websites using WPBakery Page Builder (formerly Visual Composer), which is quite a bit different than the default WordPress editor. Most sites that we build for clients use WPBakery Page Builder as the default page editor.

Login to the Admin Area of your site.

It should be located at https://yoursite.com/wp-admin/ – replace yoursite.com with your domain name.

If you don’t know your Admin login information check with your web designer.

Go to Pages > Add New

Add a Title, and click the Add Text Block button.

[Doesn’t look like the image? Click the button that says Backend Editor. If you aren’t using WPBakery Page Builder it won’t look like this]

Move the mouse over the text block and a pop up with a green box will appear.

Click the pencil icon in the green area to edit the text.

Add content for your website. You can add photos and videos using the add media button. Images in most cases should be aligned to the left or right to that text will wrap around.  Style the content how you want it to appear on your website.

After you have finished editing the text block click Save changes.

After saving the text block you still need to save the draft to work on it later, or publish the page, so that you don’t lose the work that you have done.

If you are using a caching plugin (which you definitely should be,  see here: How to Make your WordPress Site Fast) you might need to clear the cache in order to make the changes live immediately. This isn’t relevant when publishing a page for the first time since there isn’t any cached version, but for edits, it’s important. Otherwise, the changes might not appear for a few days or weeks depending on the caching plugin settings.

The image shows an example of how to purge all caches with W3 Total Cache, from the admin menu bar.

This tutorial just covered the basics of adding content to a page. Page Builder has a lot of advanced options you can learn. I recommend watching videos on YouTube to learn more.

Have any questions or comments? You can post them below.

The image above and video to the right are examples showing how Jetpack Holiday Snow looks

(Our site uses WP Snow Effect plugin instead)

Jetpack Holiday Snow is a feature that is included in the WordPress Jetpack plugin by Automattic. When enabled it adds a snow falling effect to your website between Dec. 1st and Jan. 4th of each year. By default the feature is disabled in Jetpack settings.

In this guide I will show you how to install and enable the Jetpack Holiday Snow feature, how to configure some advanced options.

How to Install Jetpack

To add falling snow to your website you first you need to have Jetpack installed. If you don’t have Jetpack, don’t worry it’s free and easy to install. From the WordPress admin area go to Plugins > Add New. Search for Jetpack, click install, then activate. You will need to connect it to your WordPress.com account. If you don’t have one it will guide you through the processes of setting one up.

– Click here to visit the Jetpack Plugin Page –

How to Enable Holiday Snow

Once Jetpack is installed, enabled, and connected to WordPress.com, it’s time to enable Snow. If the date is between December 1st and January 4th, then the option below will be available.

1. From the WordPress admin area go to Settings > General
2. Scroll down to the bottom and click the button next to ‘Snow’ to enable it.
3. If the Snow option is not available to you, you can adjust the dates for Snow Option below.

How to Enable the Snow Option, and adjust the Snow Dates

1. From the WordPress Admin area go to Plugins > Editor.
2. Where it says “Select plugin to edit”, choose: “Jetpack by WordPress.com”.
3. Under “Plugin Files” click Modules > holiday-snow.php
4. To make the snow options available in General Settings: Adjust the dates next to $first_options_day, and $last_options_day. The first number after the three zeros is the month, the second number is the day. In the image I have it set to snow option in general settings between Nov. 15th and Jan. 15th.
5. To adjust the dates snow will appear on the website: scroll down and edit the dates next to $first_snow_day, and $last_snow_day. The first number after the three zeros is the month, the second number is the day. In the image I have it set to snow between Nov. 15th and Jan. 15th.

* If you update the Jetpack Plugin after making these changes the snow dates will revert back to the default (Dec. 1 – Jan 4).

How to Adjust the Jetpack Snow Options

1. From the WordPress Admin area go to Plugins > Editor.
2. Where it says “Select plugin to edit”, choose: “Jetpack by WordPress.com”.
3. Under “Plugin Files” click Modules > holiday-snow > snowstorm.js

Make snowflakes larger or smaller  
this.flakeWidth = 5;
this.flakeHeight = 5;

Increase or decrease number of flakes
this.flakesMax = 180;
this.flakesMaxActive = 180;

make the snow follow or ignore mouse movements
this.followMouse = true;
Sometimes this option results in snow gathering on the edges of the screen, so might want to disable it.

Change the snow color
this.snowColor = ‘#ffffff’;
If you have a white background on your website you might want to use an off white color like #efefef or #eeeeee

Adjust Snowflake Speed
this.vMaxX = 2;
this.vMaxY = 2;
To increase snow speed use a number above 2. For a snow that falls slower use a number below 2, such as 1.5.

* If you update the Jetpack Plugin after making these changes the options will revert back to default.

Jetpack Holiday Snow Opt-In

Only show snow if a user clicks the button to opt-in. Users can also disable the snow if they get tired of it by clicking the button again. The snow is disabled by default, and the snow status is stored in a cookie so it will remain on or off.

https://wordpress.org/plugins/jetpack-holiday-snow-opt-in/

If you have any questions about Jetpack Holiday Snow leave a comment below.

Here are some free web design PDF resources to help you out with your website. There are two cheatsheets, there is an HTML 5 cheatsheet with common HTML commands, and a SEO cheatsheet from MOZ. There is also some WordPress resources, information on basic web design principles, information on responsive website design, and more.

Usability and utility and not just finesse are the major determinants of the success or failure of a website. The ultimate judge of the effectiveness of a website is the user, and not the designer, so user-focused designs have become the gold standard for successful and profit-oriented web design.

This article outlines web design principles needed to create a technically and visually pleasing website. The same principles can also be applied to branding and marketing. The basic elements of a good design are shape, texture, direction, and color. When designers are creating a website they must  strive to achieve a balance of visual appeal, responsiveness, functionality, speed, and usefulness. In order to achieve this balance, there are certain principles designers must follow. These principles are explained in detail in this article.

Web Design Principle #1: Visual Hierarchy

The manner in which our eyes move from one item on a web page to the other is referred to as visual hierarchy. When designing a webpage, a designer needs to first categorize the various topics and thereafter, arrange them in order of their importance then place them in such a way that visitors first notice what is most important and move on to others in order of their importance.

A designer can create a visual hierarchy in order of the size of the most important image or content or create a hierarchy of content, from the most important content to the less important.

Web Design Principle #2: Design Intuitively

Many a time, users muddle through the content on a web page and when designing a web page, a web designer should strive to see the site from the eyes of the user and make it easy to read through so they know which way to go. The use of an intuitive and simple navigation helps increase the websites usability and make it more engaging so visitors won’t have to wonder about how to move from point A to point B.

Web Design Principle #3: Hick’s Law

This law states that ‘with every additional choice increases the time required to take a decision.’ This law holds true not only in web design but in every other facet of life.

One famous psychology study showed that when giving consumers 24 choices of scented candles rather than 8, it resulted in less purchases. The extra options made the decision on which scented candles to purchase more difficult, and many consumers chose not to make the decision. So how many choices should you have? You want to give consumers a choice, but not a difficult choice. You want one option to stand out to consumers, so it doesn’t take much cognitive effort to decide. If you are printing t-shirts for example, you will likely want to include 1, maybe 2 shades of blue, but you wouldn’t want 10 different shades of blue.

The more options you create for visitors using your website, the more difficult it is for them to come to a decision, this means you have to reduce the number of choices in order to create a better user experience. Distracting options have to be screened out to aid increased sales and better overall profit. You want to make things simple for your customers. If you need to have a lot of choices for products on your website, you can use filters to help people narrow down the selection.

Web Design Principle #4: Fitts Law

This law states that ‘the time needed to move to a target is dependent upon the size of the target as well as the distance to the target’. Simply put, the larger an object or target and the closer it is to us, the easier it is to use it.

This law can easily be applied when designing a website. Design your website so that what people are looking for is easy to find on the page, and easy to see. Make popular content standout to improve the usability of your website.

If you notice in your website analytics that a lot of people are searching for a particular topic, make that topic standout. Don’t make people scroll all the way to the bottom of a page for what they are looking for. On many popular music websites, the play button is much larger than either the reverse or fast-forward buttons beside it, these companies have applied this principle to improve their usability. This doesn’t mean you put buttons which cover half the screen; you have to use some discretion when applying this principle.

Web Design Principle #5: White Space and Simple Design

Simplicity should be the primary goal of web design. One of the most important features of a simple design is white space. White space not only unburdens users of the stress of identifying the information but makes it easier for users to perceive the information on the website.

White space helps divide the web page into several parts, which makes it easier for the user to process the information on the site and it also helps to solve problems of complex hierarchical structures.

Web Design Principle #6: Communication and Content

Visitors to your website come with a want which they want solved and this solution can be in form of entertainment or relevant information and it is important you communicate with your audience in a clear and engaging manner. This information usually can be in written form, in the form of images, videos, or audio pieces.

The visible language users usually see on a website should be formed with three principles in mind:
• Organization
• Economy
• Communication

Beside these sub-principles, the content on the website must be well-written, appropriate, easy to understand, and written with search engine optimization in mind.

Web Design Principle #7: Test Early and Test Often

This is a principle all web designers and website owners must consider. Testing the usability of the website every now and then provides important insights on complications and problems related to the website design and functionality. Asking someone who is unfamiliar with the website to visit and explain their experience can also be valuable. When websites are not tested often, certain issues may pop up on the site, which adversely affect visitors.

 Want help designing your website?

Send us a messageCall: (530) 413-8420

Branding is a big deal for most successful companies because they understand its importance in projecting the company’s image and its resultant effect on business; a fact often overlooked by average companies.

Spending more time on social media or investing more on marketing is often the default path for most businesses when they are experiencing a dip in sales. However, most businesses fail to understand that the source of poor sales could be as simple as a poor brand image. It could even be something as simple as getting a new logo.

A logo is your business’s public face and if it doesn’t represent your business’s core values then it is time for a change. So how do you know you are in need of a new logo? Below are some pointers to watch out for.

You or your customers don’t like it

It might seem surprising but it’s not uncommon to find business owners who don’t like their company logos or are indifferent to it. If you as a business owner don’t like your logo then you should expect no one else would.

You can always ask customers or clients what they think about your company’s logo and make a decision from the results.

It’s outdated

Timeless as the logos of some of the big companies like Nike, Coca Cola Ford or Apple may be, they have updated it over the years. Times and fashion evolve and even logos start to look old. And if your logo looks old your business look outdated. So it’s important you update your logo every once in a while and if you are looking to get a new logo for your business it is wise to strive to get a one which will stand the test of time.

It’s too complex

The growing trend in logo design is pushing towards simplification in design. Using gradients and drop shadows used to be popular but these techniques are starting to look outdated and are difficult to translate across mediums. Logos that utilizes up to three colors with a flat matee look which is simple and effective and can be used in a transparent form as a background and still be recognizable is a good logo indicator.

Your logo doesn’t represent your current business

It’s not uncommon for business to start with one product or service and overtime grows and diversify into something entirely different. If your logo hasn’t evolved with your business and doesn’t represent what you currently do then it’s time for a change.

It resembles some other business’s logo

In an increasingly saturated market, its important your business brand stands out from the others so it’s important you carry out enough research when trying to create a new logo so your ideas aren’t identical to some other brands.

It wasn’t professionally created

Most business start off from the efforts of friends and family and it’s possible that when you were creating a logo was being created for your business it was done by a friend of a friend who knows a thing or two about illustrator. Well as a business owner looking to give his business that extra push, it is important you logo is created by an educated and experienced designer.

Want information about a new logo design?

Send us a messageCall: (530) 413-8420

SEO has come to stay as a strategic marketing channel for business owners, each year it evolves into a more sophisticated discipline. As brands and industries continue to appreciate the importance of SEO, there is little time for you as a marketer to rest on your laurels, you have to refine your skills sets continuously.

This article is dedicated to the best, free, and most effective SEO tools (in increasing order of relevance) any contemporary SEO marketer must have under his belt.

Google Keyword Planner

Formerly known as the AdWords tool, the Google Keyword planner pulls out Google’s monthly query volume estimates for tons of keywords in seconds. This is one SEO tool you shouldn’t underestimate if you are interested in knowing what people search for.

 Google Search Console

This SEO tool is analogous to the Bing Webmaster Tool but much richer. Formerly known as the Google Webmaster Tool, the Google Search Console provides data and configuration control for your site in Google, which really is a big deal.

Google Analytics

This tool helps you understand your visitors and how they interact with your site. It delivers data like number of clicks, time spent per session, number of repeated visits and several other statistics. None of the tools mentioned above does a job near as good as this tool.

Webpagetest.org

This free tool will test your site to determine the loading speed. Loading time is one of the variables that affect your Google website ranking, so it’s important to have a fast loading website. Often times it’s helpful to run a baseline test before making changes to your site affecting loading speed, and then test afterwards to determine the change. If you have a WordPress site check out this article on speeding up your WordPress Site.

 Google and Bing Search Engines

This is a frequently overlooked SEO tool. Google and Bing search engines are very powerful SEO tools and mastery of the functionality of these tools is an essential tool every marketer must learn. With a search for any word you can examine indexation and duplicate content, check key word ranking, analyze SERP listings and scout for link and outreach prospects. Make sure to use an incognito / private window to see search results that aren’t affected by your search history.

Wayback Machine

This tool is the most complete archive on the web and it lets you see what a website used to look like back in the day. With this tool you can crack client’s cases of missing traffic by checking what was on the site and what wasn’t when the site had better traffic because usually, when the numbers for a site change then something about that site has changed.

Keywordtool.io

This SEO tool is great for generating several keyword ideas related to your seed term, particularly long-tail keywords that wouldn’t show up on the AdWords keyword tool because of their having very low volumes. If you are looking to build a list of potential keywords particularly when you need long-tail keywords then this tool is just what you need. This tool is also very comprehensive as it generates keywords based on the autocomplete feature of Google, YouTube, Bing or App Store Search.

 Moz SEO Tools

Moz is a suite of inbound marketing tools responsible for various functions. Top pick from the Moz suite include these useful SEO tools:

Open Site Explorer – This is a backlink analysis tool with metrics on estimating link equity.
Follower wonk – Shows analytics on Twitter
Moz Local – This tool gives data on a company’s local citations and is the first place to go when doing local SEO on a site.
The SERP Overlay – This tool is part of the Mozbar. It displays OSE metrics on each search results.

Honorable mentions listed in no particular order include Screaming Frog, Bing Webmaster Tool, Chrome Developer Tool, Google Trends, GTmetrix and Hootsuite.

Want help optimizing your website?

Send us a messageCall: (530) 413-8420

A company’s brand is the symbol which represents its business and embodies all of its characteristics, associations and experiences. This brand can be in the form of consistent imagery, phrases, sounds and logos with which people come into contact.

Building a website is seen as a rite of passage for most business and start-ups; even when the business is still to make a cent. Why? A website serves as a virtual business door where old and new can come through, explore and enjoy the services your business has to offer. However, to make your website stand out in this sea of websites, uniqueness is key, so is building a website which promotes the unique brand values of your company.

Building a website has been made a lot less technical with the availability of templates to help website builders build websites. Good as this may be, it makes the job a bit too easy for some website builders hence they just create websites which though functional aren’t built to your specific brand or niche. So as a business owner looking to build or revamp your website, it is imperative you know what to look out for in a website so you know when a great or sub-stand job has been done for you. Some of these things include:

COLOR

Colors aren’t just for aesthetic purposes; they stimulate different emotions and carries subconscious associations to various characteristics and things. For example, the color red, it signifies danger, excitement, love and power and this makes it a great choice for the arts and entertainment industry. So do other colors represent different things and elicit unique emotions. So when building a website, its important you research on the meaning of the colors unique to your type of business.

CHARACTER

Infusing some personality into your brand can help define what it stands for. You can do this by infusing some human characteristics into abstract shapes and figures or you can use particular objects or animals to represent what your brand stands for. For instance, the blue bird mascot on Twitter has proven very effective or the Wild West design in Outlaw Design blog serves as a personality which represents what the company does.

CONSISTENCY

Consistency in the image your brand portrays .on your website makes it not just neat but memorable to clients as the have a definite image associated with your brand. This consistency can be in the choice of colors, themes and typography. This consistency can be seen in the website of two of the top brands out there; Twitter and Skype with their famous blue colors, and on other household brands like Facebook, Instagram and Google.

SIZE AND POSITIONING OF LOGO

The size of your company logo on your website should be large in relation to most of the items on your website so it is easily noticed by customers. In addition to the size of the logo, the position of the logo should stick to the tradition, usually on the top left of the web page and should link directly to the home page of your website.

TONE OF VOICE

Just as we won’t expect the choice of language on a website for a pop group to be same as that of an audit firm, so it goes with whatever it is your brand portrays. The choice of words and the tone in which those words are said should be tailored to your brand and audience.

Branding is important not just for big corporations, but also for small business, websites and blogs even as it helps customers identify your business among competition and form an opinion on the company.

The web is a vital platform for building your brand and it’s important you don’t ignore branding when building your website.

Have questions about branding?

Send us a messageCall: (530) 413-8420

Welcome to our comprehensive guide to improve loading speed on WordPress websites! After you apply the changes mentioned in this article you will likely see a significant decrease in loading time. This guide should help make your WordPress site fast.

Sections

1.     Introduction

2.     Test your Site to Determine the Baseline Speed

3.     Choose a FAST Web Host

4.     Enable Mod_deflate Server Compression

5.     Enable Keep-Alive Connections

6.     Install CloudFlare

7.     Use an Optimized WordPress Theme

8.     Install WordPress Caching Software

9.     Utilize Browser Caching

10.   Don’t Use Too Many Extra Plugins

11.   Keep your Database Clean

12.   Optimize Images

13.   Test to Determine the Improvement in Speed

---

Introduction

The latest Google search algorithm incorporates page loading speed into the rankings. If your website doesn’t load fast enough you might be losing both visitors and search engine ranking.

A study by Microsoft showed that a 2 second longer delay in page loading led to 3.8% decreased user satisfaction.

Luckily there are a few easy ways to decrease page loading speed that I will discuss in detail below, and also answer any questions you have in the comments section.

---

Test your Site to Determine the Baseline Speed

A lot of web developers skip the baseline speed test, but it’s important to be able to see if the changes you make to the site actually made any difference.

My favorite website speed test is: http://www.webpagetest.org, other popular ones to check out are  https://gtmetrix.com and http://tools.pingdom.com/.

Test a few different pages of your site and write down some of the load time results for comparison. If you use webpagetest.org you can create a profile for free and it will save your test results so you can look at them later for comparison.

---

---

Choose a FAST Web Host

If you haven’t chosen a website host yet and want budget hosting check out MidPhase for fast reliable shared hosting for less than $5 per month.

If you are looking for high quality specialized WordPress hosting try WP Engine. WP Engine is considered by many experts to be one of the fastest WordPress hosts.

---

Enable Mod_deflate Server Compression

Apache HTTP Server 2.0 and newer allow you to compress content sent between the server and visitors. If you are using shared hosting there is a good chance it’s running Apache and you can use mod_deflate to compress content and speed up loading time.

If you have cPanel installed on your server you can enable server compression by going to Optimize Website, under the Software section and enabling compression on all content or specific content types.

If you don’t have the Optimize Website option in cPanel, you can still enable it on Apache 2.0 servers by adding this line to your .htaccess file:

AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/text text/html text/plain text/xml text/css application/x-javascript application/javascript

---

Enable Keep-Alive Connections

Keep-alive means that your server will make one connection to a visitor and transfer multiple files to them at once, rather than connecting separately for each file.

It can significantly speed up your site, and save server resources. If you are not sure if your site has keep-alive enabled or not you can use this keep alive website tester.

To enable keep-alive connections add the following code to your .htaccess file:

<ifModule mod_headers.c>
Header set Connection keep-alive
</ifModule>

---

Install CloudFlare

CloudFlare offers a free content delivery network, improves website security, and will speed up your site.

It might be a little bit more of a hassle to setup CloudFlare than just installing a plugin, but it’s worth it, and should only take about 5 minutes to configure.

After you sign up for an account, type in your website address, continue through the process until they give you the new nameservers for your site.

Login to your domain hosting company and set custom nameservers to the ones CloudFlare gives you.

If you have questions or need help setting up CloudFlare leave a comment, or send me an email and I’ll help.

---

Use an Optimized WordPress Theme

Not all WordPress themes are equal. Some are much better designed than others. My favorite marketplace to look for themes is ThemeForest.net.

Almost all WordPress themes have a live demo online. Before purchasing a theme run some tests on it to make sure it’s fast and doesn’t have any error

All of the themes on Theme Forest come with lifetime updates (but some will be discontinued). To increase the changes that your theme will continue to be updated I recommend getting one of the more popular ones, like one from the top 50.

To test if a WordPress theme (or any site) has errors

1.   Visit the theme demo using Chrome as your browser.

2.   Right click on a blank part of the page then click, “Inspect”. An alternative to the right clicking method is to use Crtl-Shift-I.

3.   A window should pop up with code and other information. If the site has
an error it will show a red circle with an X in it. If a site has a warning it will show a yellow triangle with exclamation point. The example image shows 3 errors and 1 warning.

Three free tools to test a theme demo website

They do pretty much the same thing, but you might want to check them all out to decide which you prefer.

I personally like Web Page Test the most, but have heard others say they like GT Metrix.

• Web Page Test – http://www.webpagetest.org/

• GT Metrix – https://gtmetrix.com/

• Pingdom – http://tools.pingdom.com/fpt/

---

Install WordPress Caching Software

I recommend using W3 Total Cache, a free WordPress plugin. Once installed it creates a menu item in the admin area of your site called Performance.

Under Performance > General Settings, enable page cache, and browser cache.  Under Performance > Browser Cache I recommend using the same settings as in the image.

These options should work fine with a standard shared hosting account or premium hosting account. Minify can also be used with most shared hosts, but I have had issues with objects and CSS not loading correctly on the frontend using some minify settings, so test it to make sure it doesn’t cause any issues.

To test the site browser comparability I testing the site using Chrome, Firefox, and Microsoft Edge.

 

---

Utilize Browser Caching

Browser caching is when the browser stores specific types of content on a local computer so that it loads faster on subsequent visits.

Many of the cache plugins like W3 Total Cache include the ability to leverage browser caching, but if you are not using a caching plugin for some reason you can enable it by adding this code to your .htaccess file:

<IfModule mod_expires.c>
ExpiresActive On
ExpiresByType image/jpg “access 1 year”
ExpiresByType image/jpeg “access 1 year”
ExpiresByType image/gif “access 1 year”
ExpiresByType image/png “access 1 year”
ExpiresByType text/css “access 1 month”
ExpiresByType text/html “access 1 month”
ExpiresByType application/pdf “access 1 month”
ExpiresByType text/x-javascript “access 1 month”
ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash “access 1 month”
ExpiresByType image/x-icon “access 1 year”
ExpiresDefault “access 1 month”
</IfModule>

---

Don’t Use Too Many Extra Plugins

Plugins can significantly slow down your site. Many are poorly written or have errors.

Professional WordPress developer try to install as few plugins as possible, and are selective about which ones they use.

Some plugins will load resources from an entirely different website every time a page is loaded, such as Facebook like buttons and Twitter feeds.

There is an easy way to determine which plugins are slowing down your site, install P3. P3 is a free WordPress plugin that tells you exactly how your plugins are affecting load speed.

---

Keep your Database Clean

The easiest way to keep the database in top shape is to use WP-Optimize.

You can enable scheduled cleanup and optimization under the WP-Optimize auto clean-up settings. Set it to automatically optimize your site every week or month to keep your database clean.

Using WP-Optimize is much more convenient than logging into phpMyAdmin and optimizing the database manually, but you can do it that way to avoid installing the plugin.

---

Optimize Images

There are two good image optimizer plugins I recommend checking out: WP Smush.it and EWWW Image Optimizer.

We use EWWW on out site, it seems to work with more image formats than WP Smush.it. It also works with a few gallery plugins to optimize their images.

[2019] We now recommend Shortpixel Image Optimizer over EWWW and WP Smush.it. It has the option to use webp format images, which are significantly smaller than other formats. The webp version of images for this site is about 60% smaller, and are lossless, so look exactly the same.

---

Test to Determine the Improvement in Speed

Now it’s time to compare your baseline speed test results with the test results after optimizing the loading speed.

It should hopefully load faster, and get better grades/ratings from the speed metrics site you use.

You can go into your plugins settings and tweak the options to try to improve the loading speed, such as configuring minify through W3 Total Cache.

 

 Have some other ideas on making a WordPress site fast? Leave a comment below

Check out BrandColors.net to see the colors used in logos and color schemes of over 300 major brands.

If you are unsure what colors to use for your logo or business branding, browse through this website to see what other companies in your field are using, and get an idea of what you like.

When picking out a color scheme, keep in mind that if you like a particular color scheme, there is a good chance your customers will like it also.